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# Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
## Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior
### Demonology, Gods, and Magic
1. Abnormal behavior attributed to demonic possession
1. Differentiated good vs. bad spirits based on the individuals symptoms
2. Religious significance of possession
2. Primary treatment for demonic possession was exorcism
a. Various techniques including magic, prayer, incantation,
noisemaking, and use of horrible-tasting concoctions
### Hippocrates (460-377 B.C) Early Medical Concepts from Greek
- Proposing that mental disorders had natural
causes
- Categorizing disorders as mania, melancholia,
or phrenitis
- Associating dreams and personality
### Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness
#### Plato (429-347 B.C.)
- Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the
whole organism
- In The Republic, he emphasized individual differences and
sociocultural influences
- Discussed hospital care
- Believed that mental disorders were in part divinely
caused
#### Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
- Wrote lasting description of consciousness
- “Thinking” as directed would eliminate pain,
attain pleasure
### Later Greek and Roman Thought
- **Egyptian:** proposed wide range of therapeutic measures like dieting, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics and education.
- **Greek:** proposed disease based on flow of atoms through the pores in the body.
Galen from Greek (130-200) provided anatomy of nervous system.
- **Roman:** medicine focused on comfort.
### Early Views of Mental Disorders in China
- One of earliest foci on mental disorders (2674 B.C.)
- Emphasis on natural causes
- Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China”
- Experienced brief “Dark Ages” that blamed supernatural causes (late 200-900 A.D.)
- Incorporation of ideas from Western psychiatry in last 50 years
### Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages
- **Middle East:** had scientific approach.
- **Europe:** was plagued with mass madness.
- Relating the mental illness with witchcraft, and treatment included exorcism
## Toward Humanitarian Approaches
### The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe
**Renaissance:**
- Led to resurgence of scientific questioning in
Europe
- Part of humanism movement
### The Establishment of Early Asylums
- First established in Sixteenth Century
- “Madhouses”“Bedlam” storage places for the insane
- Found throughout Europe; parts of U.S.
- Aggressive treatment to restore “physical balance in body and brain”
### Humanitarian Reform
- France:
- Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
- unchained patients, placed them in sunny rooms and treated them with exercise and kindness
- England:
- William Tuke, Quakers (1732-1822)
- established the York Retreat, a country house for the mentally ill. He treated with kindness and acceptance
- America:
- Benjamin Rush (1745-1813): emphasized spiritual and moral development
- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): proposed using electricity to treat melancholia
- Dorothy Dix (1802-1887): suitable hospitals were built
#### The militarys role in mental health treatment:
- American Civil War (1861-1865)
- First mental health facility opened
- Germany (1870-1914)
- Developed program of military psychiatry following FrancoPrussian War
- Contributed to field of abnormal psychology
### Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders
**Alienists (psychiatrists):**
- Gained control of asylums
- Emotional problems (“shattered nerves”) were caused by the expenditure of energy or by the depletion of bodily energies as a result of excesses in living
### Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century
**Clifford Beers (1876-1943):**
- Described own mental collapse in A Mind That Found Itself in 1908
- Straitjacket was still widely used
- Began campaign for reform
### Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century
- 1940
- Most mental hospitals inhumane and ineffective
- 1946
- Mary Jane Ward published The Snake Pit
- National Institutes of Mental Health
- HillBurton Act (funded community mental health hospitals)
- 1963
- Community Health Services Act (develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, community consultations, and rehab programs)
#### Deinstitutionalization Movement
- Large numbers of mental hospital closures and shift to community-based residences
- Global movement: Asia, Europe, U.S.
- Considered more humane and cost effective
- Created problems for both patients and society as a whole
## The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
### The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
**Recent changes:**
1. Biological discoveries
2. Development of mental disorders classification
system
3. Emergence of psychological causation views
4. Experimental psychological research developments
### Biological Discoveries
1. Biological and anatomical factors recognized as underlying both physical and mental disorders
2. Cure for general paresis (syphilis of the brain)
- Raised hopes that organic bases would be found for many other mental disorders
3. Mental disorders an illness based on brain pathology
- Downside: removal of body parts, lobotomies
### The Development of a Classification System
**Kraepelin:**
- Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883): forerunner to DSM
- Specific types of mental disorders identified
### Emergence of psychological causation views
#### Mesmerism:
- Diseases treated by “animal magnetism”
- Source of heated discussion in early nineteenth century
#### Nancy School
- Hypnotism and hysteria are related and due to suggestion
- Hysteria, a form of self-hypnosis, could be caused and removed by hypnosis
**Nancy SchoolCharcot debate**
- Are mental disorders caused by biological or psychological factors?
#### Sigmund Freud (18561939)
- First major steps toward understanding psychological factors in
mental disorders
- Psychoanalytic perspective:
- Catharsis (repressed emotions.)
- The unconscious
- Free association
- Dream analysis
- Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives
### Experimental psychological research developments
- **Wilhelm Wundt:** First experimental psychological laboratory
- **J. McKeen Cattell:** Wundts methods to U.S.
- **Lightner Witmer:** First American psychological clinic
#### Behavioral perspective:
Role of learning in humanbehavior.
- Classical Conditioning
- Neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus; naturally elicits an unconditioned behavior
- Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson
- Operant Conditioning
- E. L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner

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# Introduction to Abnormal Psychology
### Course Objectives:
This course aims at providing students with a survey of
behavioral disorders in terms of the biological,
psychological, and sociocultural constellation of the
person.
While several orientations to the study of psychological
disorders will be discussed, the primary emphasis will
be put on the scientific study of these disorders from an
empirical perspective
### Course Intended Learning Outcomes:
Describe and explain the symptomatology, etiology and
therapy of various disorders introduced in the course
using a biopsychosocial perspective;
Apply their understanding of symptomatology and
etiology and make a diagnosis based on presenting
symptoms and suggest evidence-based treatments; and
Explore and analyze the emotional, physical, and
medical, implications of psychopathologies.
Describe and explain the symptomatology, etiology and
therapy of various disorders introduced in the course
using a biopsychosocial perspective;
Apply their understanding of symptomatology and
etiology and make a diagnosis based on presenting
symptoms and suggest evidence-based treatments; and
Explore and analyze the emotional, physical, and
medical, implications of psychopathologies.
## What Do We Mean By Abnormality?
### Indicators of Abnormality
- Subjective Distress
- Maladaptiveness
- Statistical Deviancy
- Violation of the Standards of Society
- Social Discomfort
- Irrationality and Unpredictability
- Dangerousness
### Mental Disorder
- Associated with distress or disability.
- Biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction in individual.
- Clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotional regulation,
or cognitive function.
## Classification and Diagnosis
### Advantages of Classification Systems
- Provide nomenclature and common language
- Allow information structuring
- Facilitate research
- Establish the range of problems to address
### Disadvantages of Classification
- Loss of individuals information
- Stigma and stereotyping associated with diagnosis
- Self-concept impacted by diagnostic labeling
### Is there Any Way for US To Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward People Who Are
Mentally ill?
*Arthur and Colleagues (2010)*
- Negative reactions are widespread global phenomena
- Understanding of neurobiological basis does not lessen
stigma
- Actual contact with individuals does lessen stigma
## Culture and Abnormality
- Presentation of disorders found worldwide
- Certain forms of highly culture-specific psychopathology
## How Common Are Mental Disorders?
Significant question for many reasons:
Planning, establishing, and funding mental health services for specific disorders;
Providing clues to causes of mental disorders.
### Epidemiology
**Epidemiology:** Study of distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related
behaviors in a given population.
**Prevalence:** Number of active cases in population during any given period of
time. Different types of prevalence estimates (point, 1-year, lifetime).
**Incidence:** Number of new cases in population over given period of time. Incidence figures are typically lower than prevalence figures
### Treatment
- Not all people receive treatment
- Vast majority of treatment is done on outpatient basis
- Inpatient hospitalization typically in psychiatric units
### Mental Health Professionals
#### Diagnosis and assessment involves participants who:
- Play differing roles in the process
- Gather comprehensive evaluation patient data
#### Related Jobs including:
- Clinical Psychologist
- Educational Psychologist
- Counseling Psychologist
- School Psychologist
- Psychiatrist
- Clinical Social Worker
- Psychiatric Nurse
- Occupational Therapist
- Pastoral Counselor
## Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology
### Benefits of Research
• Learn about a disorders symptoms, prevalence,
duration (acute, chronic), and accompanying problems
• Understand etiology and nature of disorder
• Discover how to provide the best patient care
## Sources of Information
**Case studies: **
Specific individual observed and described in detail.
Subject to bias of author of case study.
**Self-report data:**
Participants asked to provide information about themselves.
Interviews.
**Observational approaches:**
Collecting information without asking participants directly for it.
Outward behavior can be observed directly.