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PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/1.1.md
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# Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
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## Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior
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### Demonology, Gods, and Magic
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1. Abnormal behavior attributed to demonic possession
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1. Differentiated good vs. bad spirits based on the individual’s symptoms
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2. Religious significance of possession
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2. Primary treatment for demonic possession was exorcism
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a. Various techniques including magic, prayer, incantation,
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noisemaking, and use of horrible-tasting concoctions
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### Hippocrates (460-377 B.C) Early Medical Concepts from Greek
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- Proposing that mental disorders had natural
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causes
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- Categorizing disorders as mania, melancholia,
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or phrenitis
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- Associating dreams and personality
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### Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness
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#### Plato (429-347 B.C.)
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- Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the
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whole organism
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- In The Republic, he emphasized individual differences and
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sociocultural influences
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- Discussed hospital care
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- Believed that mental disorders were in part divinely
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caused
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#### Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
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- Wrote lasting description of consciousness
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- “Thinking” as directed would eliminate pain,
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attain pleasure
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### Later Greek and Roman Thought
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- **Egyptian:** proposed wide range of therapeutic measures like dieting, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics and education.
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- **Greek:** proposed disease based on flow of atoms through the pores in the body.
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Galen from Greek (130-200) provided anatomy of nervous system.
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- **Roman:** medicine focused on comfort.
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### Early Views of Mental Disorders in China
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- One of earliest foci on mental disorders (2674 B.C.)
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- Emphasis on natural causes
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- Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China”
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- Experienced brief “Dark Ages” that blamed supernatural causes (late 200-900 A.D.)
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- Incorporation of ideas from Western psychiatry in last 50 years
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### Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages
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- **Middle East:** had scientific approach.
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- **Europe:** was plagued with mass madness.
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- Relating the mental illness with witchcraft, and treatment included exorcism
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## Toward Humanitarian Approaches
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### The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe
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**Renaissance:**
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- Led to resurgence of scientific questioning in
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Europe
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- Part of humanism movement
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### The Establishment of Early Asylums
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- First established in Sixteenth Century
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- “Madhouses”“Bedlam” storage places for the insane
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- Found throughout Europe; parts of U.S.
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- Aggressive treatment to restore “physical balance in body and brain”
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### Humanitarian Reform
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- France:
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- Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
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- unchained patients, placed them in sunny rooms and treated them with exercise and kindness
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- England:
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- William Tuke, Quakers (1732-1822)
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- established the York Retreat, a country house for the mentally ill. He treated with kindness and acceptance
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- America:
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- Benjamin Rush (1745-1813): emphasized spiritual and moral development
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- Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): proposed using electricity to treat melancholia
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- Dorothy Dix (1802-1887): suitable hospitals were built
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#### The military’s role in mental health treatment:
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- American Civil War (1861-1865)
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- First mental health facility opened
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- Germany (1870-1914)
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- Developed program of military psychiatry following FrancoPrussian War
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- Contributed to field of abnormal psychology
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### Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders
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**Alienists (psychiatrists):**
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- Gained control of asylums
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- Emotional problems (“shattered nerves”) were caused by the expenditure of energy or by the depletion of bodily energies as a result of excesses in living
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### Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century
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**Clifford Beers (1876-1943):**
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- Described own mental collapse in A Mind That Found Itself in 1908
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- Straitjacket was still widely used
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- Began campaign for reform
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### Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century
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- 1940
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- Most mental hospitals inhumane and ineffective
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- 1946
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- Mary Jane Ward published The Snake Pit
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- National Institutes of Mental Health
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- Hill–Burton Act (funded community mental health hospitals)
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- 1963
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- Community Health Services Act (develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, community consultations, and rehab programs)
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#### Deinstitutionalization Movement
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- Large numbers of mental hospital closures and shift to community-based residences
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- Global movement: Asia, Europe, U.S.
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- Considered more humane and cost effective
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- Created problems for both patients and society as a whole
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## The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
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### The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior
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**Recent changes:**
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1. Biological discoveries
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2. Development of mental disorders classification
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system
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3. Emergence of psychological causation views
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4. Experimental psychological research developments
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### Biological Discoveries
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1. Biological and anatomical factors recognized as underlying both physical and mental disorders
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2. Cure for general paresis (syphilis of the brain)
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- Raised hopes that organic bases would be found for many other mental disorders
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3. Mental disorders an illness based on brain pathology
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- Downside: removal of body parts, lobotomies
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### The Development of a Classification System
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**Kraepelin:**
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- Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883): forerunner to DSM
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- Specific types of mental disorders identified
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### Emergence of psychological causation views
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#### Mesmerism:
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- Diseases treated by “animal magnetism”
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- Source of heated discussion in early nineteenth century
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#### Nancy School
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- Hypnotism and hysteria are related and due to suggestion
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- Hysteria, a form of self-hypnosis, could be caused and removed by hypnosis
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**Nancy School–Charcot debate**
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- Are mental disorders caused by biological or psychological factors?
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#### Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
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- First major steps toward understanding psychological factors in
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mental disorders
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- Psychoanalytic perspective:
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- Catharsis (repressed emotions.)
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- The unconscious
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- Free association
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- Dream analysis
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- Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives
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### Experimental psychological research developments
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- **Wilhelm Wundt:** First experimental psychological laboratory
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- **J. McKeen Cattell:** Wundt’s methods to U.S.
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- **Lightner Witmer:** First American psychological clinic
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#### Behavioral perspective:
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Role of learning in humanbehavior.
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- Classical Conditioning
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- Neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus; naturally elicits an unconditioned behavior
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- Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson
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- Operant Conditioning
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- E. L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner
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