diff --git a/PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/1.1.md b/PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/1.1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6bac272 --- /dev/null +++ b/PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/1.1.md @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +# Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior + +## Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior + +### Demonology, Gods, and Magic + +1. Abnormal behavior attributed to demonic possession + 1. Differentiated good vs. bad spirits based on the individual’s symptoms + 2. Religious significance of possession +2. Primary treatment for demonic possession was exorcism + a. Various techniques including magic, prayer, incantation, + noisemaking, and use of horrible-tasting concoctions + +### Hippocrates (460-377 B.C) Early Medical Concepts from Greek + +- Proposing that mental disorders had natural +causes +- Categorizing disorders as mania, melancholia, +or phrenitis +- Associating dreams and personality + +### Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness + +#### Plato (429-347 B.C.) + +- Viewed psychological phenomena as responses of the + whole organism +- In The Republic, he emphasized individual differences and + sociocultural influences +- Discussed hospital care +- Believed that mental disorders were in part divinely + caused + +#### Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) + +- Wrote lasting description of consciousness +- “Thinking” as directed would eliminate pain, + attain pleasure + +### Later Greek and Roman Thought + +- **Egyptian:** proposed wide range of therapeutic measures like dieting, massage, hydrotherapy, gymnastics and education. +- **Greek:** proposed disease based on flow of atoms through the pores in the body. + Galen from Greek (130-200) provided anatomy of nervous system. +- **Roman:** medicine focused on comfort. + +### Early Views of Mental Disorders in China + +- One of earliest foci on mental disorders (2674 B.C.) +- Emphasis on natural causes +- Chung Ching: “Hippocrates of China” +- Experienced brief “Dark Ages” that blamed supernatural causes (late 200-900 A.D.) +- Incorporation of ideas from Western psychiatry in last 50 years + +### Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages + +- **Middle East:** had scientific approach. +- **Europe:** was plagued with mass madness. +- Relating the mental illness with witchcraft, and treatment included exorcism + +## Toward Humanitarian Approaches + +### The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe + +**Renaissance:** + +- Led to resurgence of scientific questioning in + Europe +- Part of humanism movement + +### The Establishment of Early Asylums + +- First established in Sixteenth Century +- “Madhouses”“Bedlam” storage places for the insane +- Found throughout Europe; parts of U.S. +- Aggressive treatment to restore “physical balance in body and brain” + +### Humanitarian Reform + +- France: + - Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) + - unchained patients, placed them in sunny rooms and treated them with exercise and kindness +- England: + - William Tuke, Quakers (1732-1822) + - established the York Retreat, a country house for the mentally ill. He treated with kindness and acceptance +- America: + - Benjamin Rush (1745-1813): emphasized spiritual and moral development + - Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): proposed using electricity to treat melancholia + - Dorothy Dix (1802-1887): suitable hospitals were built + + +#### The military’s role in mental health treatment: + +- American Civil War (1861-1865) + - First mental health facility opened +- Germany (1870-1914) + - Developed program of military psychiatry following FrancoPrussian War + - Contributed to field of abnormal psychology + +### Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders + +**Alienists (psychiatrists):** + +- Gained control of asylums +- Emotional problems (“shattered nerves”) were caused by the expenditure of energy or by the depletion of bodily energies as a result of excesses in living + +### Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health in the Early Twentieth Century + +**Clifford Beers (1876-1943):** + +- Described own mental collapse in A Mind That Found Itself in 1908 +- Straitjacket was still widely used +- Began campaign for reform + +### Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century + +- 1940 + - Most mental hospitals inhumane and ineffective +- 1946 + - Mary Jane Ward published The Snake Pit + - National Institutes of Mental Health + - Hill–Burton Act (funded community mental health hospitals) +- 1963 + - Community Health Services Act (develop outpatient psychiatric clinics, community consultations, and rehab programs) + + +#### Deinstitutionalization Movement + +- Large numbers of mental hospital closures and shift to community-based residences +- Global movement: Asia, Europe, U.S. +- Considered more humane and cost effective +- Created problems for both patients and society as a whole + + +## The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior + +### The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior + +**Recent changes:** + +1. Biological discoveries +2. Development of mental disorders classification + system +3. Emergence of psychological causation views +4. Experimental psychological research developments + +### Biological Discoveries + +1. Biological and anatomical factors recognized as underlying both physical and mental disorders +2. Cure for general paresis (syphilis of the brain) + - Raised hopes that organic bases would be found for many other mental disorders +3. Mental disorders an illness based on brain pathology + - Downside: removal of body parts, lobotomies + +### The Development of a Classification System + +**Kraepelin:** + +- Compendium der Psychiatrie (1883): forerunner to DSM +- Specific types of mental disorders identified + +### Emergence of psychological causation views + +#### Mesmerism: + +- Diseases treated by “animal magnetism” +- Source of heated discussion in early nineteenth century + +#### Nancy School +- Hypnotism and hysteria are related and due to suggestion +- Hysteria, a form of self-hypnosis, could be caused and removed by hypnosis + +**Nancy School–Charcot debate** + +- Are mental disorders caused by biological or psychological factors? + +#### Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) + +- First major steps toward understanding psychological factors in + mental disorders +- Psychoanalytic perspective: +- Catharsis (repressed emotions.) + - The unconscious + - Free association + - Dream analysis + - Emphasizes inner dynamics of unconscious motives + +### Experimental psychological research developments +- **Wilhelm Wundt:** First experimental psychological laboratory +- **J. McKeen Cattell:** Wundt’s methods to U.S. +- **Lightner Witmer:** First American psychological clinic + +#### Behavioral perspective: + +Role of learning in humanbehavior. + +- Classical Conditioning + - Neutral stimulus repeatedly paired with unconditioned stimulus; naturally elicits an unconditioned behavior + - Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson +- Operant Conditioning + - E. L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner diff --git a/PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/index.md b/PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/1.md similarity index 100% rename from PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/index.md rename to PSYG2500 Abnormal Psychology/1.md