Format Poetry & Short Story

Added Known Poets
and Unseen Poets notes

CCLC2204 Literary Appreciation/Poetry.md

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# Poetry
+
+## Poetic Devices
+
+### Figures of Speech
+
+A way of saying something other than the ordinary way.
+
+#### Simile
+
+An **explicit (direct) comparison** between two things using words such as like, as, appears, or seems.  
+
+- A sip of Mrs. Cook’s coffee is like a punch in the stomach.
+- He is as rich as Bill Gates.
+
+#### Metaphor
+
+Makes an **indirect comparison** between two unlike things without using words such as like or as.
+
+- Allan is a tower of strength for his family.
+
+- Life is “a brief candle” – William Shakespeare.
+
+#### Personification
+
+**Human qualities are given to non-human** things such as an animal, thought, or object.
+
+- The trees screamed in the raging wind.
+
+- The wind whispered her name.
+
+#### Paradox
+
+A statement that initially **appears to be self-contradictory but** that, on closer inspection, turns out to **make sense**.
+
+- You can save money by spending it.
+- The beginning of an end.
+- “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others”. -- Animal Farm by George Orwell
+
+#### Overstatement (Hyperbole)
+
+Use of exaggeration.
+
+- I’ve told you a million times – don’t slam the door!
+
+- Her brain is the size of a pea.
+
+#### Understatement
+
+A deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point; intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is.
+
+- One nuclear bomb can ruin your day.  
+
+#### Irony
+
+A meaningful gap between expectation and outcome, or when **what is said is different from what is meant**.
+
+- I posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless YouTube is.
+
+- “Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.”
+
+#### Symbolism
+
+An object represents the subject/idea. It’s the “symbol” of the idea.
+
+- Sleep is often related to death. Night often suggests darkness, death, or grief. Dreams are linked to the future or fate.
+- Seasons often represent ages: winter/old age or death; spring/youth; summer/prime of life; fall or autumn/middle age.
+- Colours are often linked to emotions: red/passion or anger; blue/happiness or calm; green/jealousy; colors are also used to represent states of being: black/death or evil; white/purity or innocence; red/danger; green/growth.
+
+#### Repetition
+
+**Ideas or words** that are **repeated** more than once to **emphasize** and deepen meaning.
+
+- “And miles to go before I sleep,
+   And miles to go before I sleep”
+   -- Robert Frost’s ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’
+
+#### Allusion
+
+A reference to another work of fiction, a film, or a piece of art with which the reader is presumably familiar.
+
+- She felt like she had a golden ticket. (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory)
+- If I’m not home by midnight, my car might turn into a pumpkin. (Cinderella)
+- My math teacher is he who must not be named. (Voldemort from the Harry Potter series)
+
+### Sound Devices
+
+#### Onomatopoeia
+
+The use of words which **sound like** what they mean
+
+- the **buzzing** of the bee
+
+- the **splashing** of the rain
+
+#### Rhyme
+
+A pattern of words that contains similar sounds at the **end of the line**.
+
+Baa baa black sheep, have you any **wool**?
+ Yes sir, yes sir, three bags **full**!
+ One for the master, one for the **dame**,
+ And one for the little boy who lives down the **lane**.
+
+#### Internal rhyme
+
+Rhyming that occurs **within the line** (rather than at the end) .
+
+- p**iece** of m**e** emerges.
+
+- I went to t**own** to buy a g**own**.
+
+#### Assonance
+
+**Repetition** of internal **vowel** sounds of words close together in poetry.
+
+- mystery disguised within.
+- "Hear the mellow wedding bells" by Edgar Allen Poe.
+
+#### Consonance
+
+**Repetitive** sounds produced by **consonants** (non-vowel sounds) within a sentence or phrase.
+
+- ‘Do no**t**go gen**t**le in**t**o tha**t** good nigh**t**’ *–* the title of a poem by Dylan
+
+- Thomas
+
+  - I dropped the lo**ck**et in the thi**ck** mud.
+
+  - Some ma**mm**als are cla**mm**y.
+
+### Alliteration
+
+**Repetition** of the **initial** consonant sounds.
+
+- **t**errible **t**ruths
+
+- A **b**ig **b**ully **b**eats a **b**aby **b**oy.
+
+In our daily life, we notice alliteration in the names of different companies. It makes the name of a company catchy and easy to memorize. Here are several common examples.
+
+- **C**oca **C**ola
+- **B**est **B**uy
+
+## In-class Poetry
+
+stanza 段落  
+line 行
+
+### You Fit Into Me
+
+by Margaret Atwood
+
+> You fit into me  
+> like a hook into an eye
+>
+> a fish hook  
+> an open eye
+
+#### Identity one poetic device and explain its effect.
+
+Simile – “You fit into me / like a hook into an eye”. The relationship / love between two people is compared to “a hook” and “an eye” with the use of the word “like”.  
+The relationship is strong and secure. “You” and ‘me” cannot be separated easily. 
+
+#### How does the tone change in stanza 2?
+
+The rhythm in stanza one is slow and smooth while the rhythm in stanza 2 is fast and short. The tone in stanza 1 suggests the speaker’s satisfaction to the relationship because the speaker uses a complete sentence to describe the relationship. However, the tone is changed to coldness as the speaker uses fragments the describe the change in the relationship.  
+(the word choice)  
+The “hook” is changed to “fish hook” which indicates violence and baiting. It shows a contradiction to the positive image created in the first stanza. 
+
+#### What do you think the poem is about love?
+The poem is about the bitterness of breaking up. The first stanza shows the happiness at the beginning of the relationship that the speaker believes she has found the perfect “fit” in her life as she compares the secure relationship to “hook” and “eye” (evidence) as if they are made for each other.  
+The tone in stanza 2 suggests the end of happiness. When she uses “fish hook”, she feels trapped. “The open eye” suggests the end of delusion. The happiness is changed to pain and cruelty. 
+
+### Some Days
+
+> Some days I put the people in their places at the table,// bend their legs at the knees,// if they come with that feature,and fix them into the tiny wooden chairs. (active voice)// All afternoon they face one another,// the man in the brown suit,// the woman in the blue dress, (passive voice)// perfectly motionless, perfectly behaved.
+>
+> But other days, I am the one// who is lifted up by the ribs,// hen lowered into the dining room of a dollhouse// to sit with the others at the long table.
+>
+> Very funny,// but how would you like it// if you never knew from one day to the next// if you were going to spend it
+>
+> striding around like a vivid god,// your shoulders in the clouds,// or sitting down there amidst the wallpaper,// staring straight ahead with your little plastic face?
+
+#### What’s the situation described in stanza 1 and 2?
+In stanza 1, the speaker is someone who has power to control people to do whatever he wants as he uses “put”, ‘bent”, “fix” to show the way he treats people as a doll. It shows that the speaker can manipulate people’s behaviours.  
+In stanza 2, the speaker uses “blue” and “brown” to show the colours of the clothes that the people wear to work. The colours suggest the dull and oppressive working environment. The workers are obedient, easily controlled as they are “perfectly motionless”. “Perfectly” is repeatedly used to describe the workers’ behaviours which show that they are the victims of control and manipulation.
+
+#### How is the situation described in stanza 3 different from that in the previous two stanzas?
+
+In the first two stanzas, the speaker has a higher position than other workers in the workplace where he has control over them.  
+In stanza 3, the speaker becomes one of those being controlled. “But” shows the change of the speaker’s position in the workplace. He is being “lifted up” and “lowered” mean that his power is deprived. The “dollhouse” symbolises the loss of autonomy in the workplace. The speaker has become ordinary as he has been placed into “the dollhouse” and “sit with other”. He has to be well-behaved like other workers. 
+
+#### How does the speaker’s tone change in stanza 4?
+
+In stanza 1-3, the speaker’s tone is very plain and monotonous. The speaker doesn’t use any adjectives to describe his activities. The description is very factual and normal.  
+“Very funny” in stanza 4 indicates a change in tone. The tone is changed from plain to sarcastic and ironic.  The irony refers to how the speaker is being controlled like a doll in the workplace which is not a “funny” thing at all. The tone also becomes confrontational. He questions the reader whether they accept the change of position, to control or to be controlled.
+
+#### What is the significance of the contrast in the last stanza?
+
+“A vivid god” is the initial role that the speaker has when he has power. “Shoulders in the cloud” implies that the speaker is at the top of the hierarchy when he can control other people who are at the lower status than him.  
+When the speaker is deprived of power, the speaker becomes the one being manipulated like a doll with “little plastic face”. It means that the speaker is trapped in a fixed position where he is not allowed to express his emotions and individuality. He has to be fake in front of others. He has to take commands from those who are of higher status than him/follow rules. 
+
+#### What do you think the poem is about (themes)?
+
+- The idea of control
+- The uncertainty in life
+When you take control of your life, you can express your individuality. When you blindly follow the crowd and let the society control you, you can only be others’ doll. 
+
+### Funeral Blues
+
+#### What can “Funeral Blues” be classified as? What is the plausible interpretation of the title?
+
+This poem is an elegy, melancholic poem often spoken at a funeral for a deceased. The speaker has lost his love and expresses his grief. 
+
+#### “Stop” (line 1), “cut off (line 1), “Prevent” (line 2), “Silence” (line 3), “Let” (line 5), “Put” (line 7) and “Let” again (line 8) ―what type of verbs are these? What do they all have in common?
+
+Imperative verbs. The speaker uses imperative verbs to order the world to be silent
+
+#### What is the poetic device that is used in stanza 2? What effect does it bring?
+
+Hyperbole/overstatement.  
+The words in stanza 2 relate to public announcement of the deceased. The exaggeration indicates the depth of the speaker’s grief. None of the irrational behaviours can be fulfilled. 
+
+#### To what is he comparing his dead friend in stanza 3? Can you suggest reasons why he is making those comparisons? What does the speaker speak about in stanza 3?
+
+Metaphor  
+“He was my North, my South, my East and West”  
+The deceased was the speaker’s direction, his everything. This comparison indicates the deceased was all encompassing, showing how impactful the death was for the speaker, affecting his life.
+
+## Reading an Unseen Poetry
+
+### STEP 1: Read
+
+- Who is speaking?
+- Who is being addressed?
+- What is the speaker talking about?
+- Where is the poem set?
+
+### STEP 2: Read
+
+- What is the poem about thematically?
+- What attitude does the poem express towards this idea?
+- What idea is the poem about? Does it seem happy, sad or angry about this idea?
+
+### STEP 3: Annotate
+
+- Highlight the important and interesting images in the poem.
+- Highlight any other interesting words in the poem.
+- Does the tone shift at any point?
+- How does the poem begin and end?

CCLC2204 Literary Appreciation/ShortStory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# Short Story
+
+## The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas
+
+*by Ursula K. Le Guin*
+
+## A Jury of Her Peers
+
+*by Susan Glaspell*
+
+### Setting
+
+Setting includes the time, place, and social conditions of the story.  
+
+Describe the setting of “A Jury of Her Peers”.  Include specific quotes / details, explaining how they contribute to the development of the story.
+
+### Irony 
+
+G.R. Thompson defines irony as "a basic discrepancy between what is expected or apparent and what is actually the case." (the difference between expectation and the reality)
+
+#### Three types of irony
+
+**Verbal irony:** When something is said that is the opposite of what it meant.
+
+**Situational irony:** When what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected.
+
+**Dramatic irony:** When the readers know something that other characters don’t know.
+
+#### What’s the “irony” in Glaspell’s “A Jury of Her Peers”?
+
+-	“Well, can you beat the women! Held for murder and worrying about her preserves!” (condescending)
+-	“Oh, well,” said Mrs. Hale’s husband, with good-natured superiority, “women are used to worrying over trifles.”
+-	Mr. Henderson says, “‘They wonder whether she was going to quilt it or just knot it!’ There was a laugh for the ways of women”
+-	“‘But would the women know a clue if they did come upon it?’ he [Mr. Hale] said”
+
+**Significance:**
+
+-	Men do not value women’s opinions
+-	Women are expected not to have any knowledge of male-dominated institutions of law but to only aware of what is involved in homemaking and raising children.
+-	Men do not expect to get the clues in the kitchen. They are quick to dismiss the importance of kitchen things that they regard as trifles.
+-	Ironically, the clues that point to the motive of murder are found by women in the domestic realm of kitchen. 
+
+### Characterization
+
+Characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the **personality** of a character. Characterization is revealed through *direct* characterization and *indirect* characterization. 
+
+#### Direct Characterization
+
+Direct Characterization tells the audience what the personality of the character is. 
+
+> “The patient boy and quiet girl were both well-mannered and did not disobey their mother.” 
+
+The author is directly telling the audience the personality of these two children. The boy is “patient” and the girl is “quiet.” 
+
+#### 5 ways of Indirect Characterization
+
+- Speech
+ - Thought
+ - Effects on others
+ - Action
+ - Looks (Appearance)
+
+#### List the characters in “A Jury of Her Peers”
+
+| Female Characters                                            | Male Characters                                              |
+| ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| **1.** Mrs Wright (Minnie Foster)<br />**2.** Mrs Hale<br />**3.** Mrs Peters | **1.** John Wright (strangled to death by a rope)<br />**2.** Mr Hale (finds the dead body)<br />**3.** Mr Peters (the sheriff)<br />**4.** Mr Henderson (the county attorney) |
+
+##### Minnie Foster Wright
+
+Did you realize that we never meet Minnie? We see her through the setting (think about her kitchen!) and through the eyes of Mrs. Peters and Martha Hale.  (What’s her transformation before and after marriage?)
+
+
+“Every one in the kitchen looked at the rocker. It came into Mrs. Hale’s mind that that rocker didn't look in the least like Minnie Foster--the Minnie Foster of twenty years before. It was a dingy red, with wooden rungs up the back and the middle rung was gone, and the chair sagged to one side.”  - para. 29, p. 2
+
+
+
+
+“Well, as if she didn't know what she was going to do next. And kind of-done up.”  -para. 35, p. 2
+
+
+The sheriff’s wife did not reply. The silence made Mrs. Hale turn round. Mrs. Peters was examining the bird-cage.  
+“Look at this door," she said slowly. “It’s broke. One hinge has been pulled apart.”
+Mrs. Hale came nearer.  
+“Looks as if some one must have been--rough with it.” - para. 189-182, p.7
+
+**Analysis 1**  
+Minnie Foster Wright reveals how a woman can be broken and destroyed by her tyrannical husband in a patriarchal society.  
+She used to be an extroverted woman but has now been reduced to someone who wears shabby clothes. 
+Mrs. Hale remembers Minnie for her youthful innocence and happiness before she was married.
+The marriage was abusive for her and one-sided As it was said by "Mrs.   
+Hale's mind that that rocker didn't look in the least like Minnie Foster - the Minnie Foster of twenty years before and the chair sagged to one side" (Glaspell 2).
+The rocking chair symbolises Minnie Foster Wright as the victim of  an abusive relationship as it shows John Wright's rough and violent attitude towards his belongings which include his wife as a women is regarded as a man's property.
+
+**Analysis 2**  
+Minnie Foster Wright represents the marginalized groups that being oppressed in the men dominated society.
+She lives in a "lonesome-looking place" and her house is "down in a hollow and the poplar trees around it was lonesome-looking trees." 
+That demonstrates the emptiness and isolation of Minnie Foster. 
+Since the place is "down in a hollow", Minnie cannot establish any connections with her friends. 
+Furthermore, the marriage has changed her personality. 
+Before the marriage, Minnie Foster is a cheerful person, as the article mentioned that "she used to wear pretty clothes and  be lively--when she was Minnie Foster, one of the town girls, singing in the choir." 
+But after she is married to Mr. Wright, she becomes depressed and indifferent. She doesn't wear any pretty clothes or sing as she used to. She is trapped in an abusive relationship.
+
+Analysis 3
+Mrs Wright represents how women are oppressed in the patriarchal society. Being married is a turning point of Mrs Wright. Mrs Wright from being a proud woman and changed to be an isolated women. the writing examine that she was a member of choir and could able to sing without shy in public. however, after she married to Mr Wright, she changed to be less appear in choir or even not participate in choir anymore. which is similar with the bird she killed, the bird was able to be free to fly in the freedom but then the bird forced to lock up in the cage, and couldn't break though it, since getting married was the only option for women in that century. the bird is symptoms to Mrs Wright as she couldn't escape or break though from "marriage ". therefore she have to do something to escape the "cage", which make her kill her husband - Mr Wright, and this action just symptoms of the dead bird in the cage, which is women kill husband then the women is guilty by the law, then the women have to accept the penalty as the dead bird. although she kills her husband but she is the true victim at all, as she loses her own life by getting married.
+
+
+
+The story subtly describes a transformation in the attitudes of Martha Hale and Mrs. Peters. What is this transformation? What gives rise to this change?
+
+##### Mrs.  Martha Hale
+
+
+“She hated to see things half done,” -para. 2, p.1
+
+Even after she had her foot on the door-step, her hand on the knob, Martha Hale had a moment of feeling she could not cross that threshold. And the reason it seemed she couldn't cross it now was simply because she hadn't crossed it before. Time and time again it had been in her mind, "I ought to go over and see Minnie Foster"--she still thought of her as Minnie Foster, though for twenty years she had been Mrs. Wright. And then there was always something to do and Minnie Foster would go from her mind. But now she could come. -para. 9, p.1
+
+
+“Just pulling off a stitch or two that's not sewed very good,” -para. 169, p.7
+
+
+Mrs Hale shows her solidarity with another woman who has been mistreated as she sympathizes with Minnie Foster. When the tragedy happens, she feels guilty because she is one of the friends of Minnie as she believes the tragedy can be avoided if she visits Minnie Foster more: "I ought to go over and see Minnie Foster” (Glaspell 1). She regrets that she does nothing when Mrs. Wright needs help. Thus, she tries to take Minnie's unfinished cloth apart and re-sews it: “Just pulling off a stitch or two that's not sewed very good”(Glaspell 7), hoping to make up for Minnie by doing this, to finish what Minnie didn't finish, and to try to cover up clues that are not good for Minnie so that she can receive a fair judgment. 
+
+
+
+##### Mrs. Peters
+
+ “She was small and thin and didn't have a strong voice.” -para. 5, p.1
+
+“But if Mrs. Peters didn't look like a sheriff's wife, Peters made it up in looking like a sheriff.” -para. 5, p.1 
+
+ “I know what stillness is. The law has got to punish crime, Mrs. Hale” -para. 258, p.9
+“for that matter, a sheriff’s wife is married to the law” -para. 282, p.10
+
+
+Mrs Peters represents the social status of females at that time. Although Mrs Peters is sheriff's wife, her acts are powerless and needed to be obedient to the male. Her identity is defined by his husband’s role when it is often emphasised that “a sheriff’s wife is married to the law” in the story. As a sheriff’s wife, “she was small and thin and didn't have a strong voice” (Glaspell 1). This demonstrates that Mrs. Peters is in subservience (inferior) to the law and men, but she struggles to change and ultimately be more strong and powerful. After Mrs. Hale tells her about the background of Minnie Foster and acknowledges that her suffering and oppression from husband, Mr. Wright, she whispers “We don’t know who killed him” (Glaspell 9). Although she already knows that Minnie murders husband, she conceals the evidence and does not tell the men their findings, like murder motive, dead bird, and quilt. That means she defies the husband and law and decides to show women loyalty and solidarity.    
+
+Analysis 2
+Mrs. Peters' character is a representation of a woman's internal conflict between fulfilling her place in society as the sheriff's wife and her own personal voice as a woman. She is seen by other characters as a frail person of small stature. “she was small and thin and didn't have a strong voice”. This shows that she is soft-spoken, with a voice aiming to stay out of the spotlight. She as a person is normally hidden behind the large figure of her husband the sheriff. Unlike the other characters, her first name is never mentioned, meaning even in the description, she seems to exist behind the area of focus. At the beginning of the story, she seems to be uncomfortable with her role as the sheriff’s wife, following society’s expectations, as she states her position as being "married to the law". It is almost as if she is 'owned' by her husband, he has the power to order her around and decide what she does with her life, a strong reflection of the patriarchal society of the time. However, she exhibits a transformation. Having some empathetic connections with the situation of Mrs. Wright, the feelings of pain and anger when remembering the death of her pet cat and the feelings of wanting to get back at the person who killed it, her character shifts, starting with her tone of voice becoming “slow and deep” as supposed to her “flurried” way of speaking. She is no longer fully obedient to her husband's will as sheriff. Despite her being “married to the law”, she decides to help the other women hide evidence against Mrs. Wright to defend her along with Mrs. Hale, bringing her character out from behind her husband’s shadow.
+
+##### The male characters
+
+Mr. Peters, Mr. Hale, Harry Hale, Mr. Henderson  
+*John Wright: The victim of murder. Murdered by his wife because of years of cruelty. Do you feel sorry for him?
+
+“The men talked for a minute about what a good thing it was the sheriff had sent his deputy out that morning to make a fire for them,” -paragraph 13, p.1
+-	It shows the men's flippant attitude toward the murder and Mrs. Wright's situation/motive
+
+“‘Oh-yesterday,’ returned the sheriff, with a little gesture as of yesterday having been more than he could bear to think of.”  -paragraph 19, p.2
+-	The sheriff’s melodramatic account of yesterday belittles the significance of the murder especially since he left the evidence unguarded for a day
+
+➢	They all represent the contrast between men’s and women’s spheres at the time.  All three of them display a cold lack of understanding of and compassion for the women, allowing them to overlook the plentiful details in the Wright’s house about what led up to the murder.  The men exhibit few independent and unique personality traits making them stock characters.
+
+### Conflict
+
+### Symbols
+
+### Theme
+
+What is the author saying about life?
+
+### [Literary Theory] Feminism