Fixed problem of itemlization

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mxr612 2024-05-09 19:20:48 +08:00
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@ -53,11 +53,13 @@ Heredity is important predisposing contributory cause for number of disorders.
##### Methods for Studying Genetic Influences
**Traditional methods:**
- Family history method
- Twin method
- Adoption method
**More recent methods:**
- Linkage analysis
- Association studies
@ -74,11 +76,13 @@ The Developmental Systems Approach
#### Neuro-transmitter & hormonal abnormalities in brain and CNS
**Neurotransmitter imbalances:**
- Can result in abnormal behavior
- Created in various ways: overproduction, deactivation, abnormally
sensitive or insensitive
**5 Most studied neurotransmitter:**
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
@ -86,7 +90,9 @@ sensitive or insensitive
- Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
**Hormonal Imbalances**
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis:
- Messages (CRH) travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
- Pituitary releases ACTH, which stimulates cortical part of the adrenal gland, produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol
- Cortisol provides negative feedback to hypothalamus and pituitary to decrease their release of CRH and ACTH, which in turn reduces the release of adrenaline and cortisol
@ -94,10 +100,12 @@ Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis:
#### Temperament
**Temperament:**
Childs reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation.
Early temperament is basis from which personality develops.
**Five Dimensions of Temperament:**
- Fearfulness
- Irritability and frustration
- Positive affect
@ -109,11 +117,13 @@ Early temperament is basis from which personality develops.
#### Psychodynamic
**Freud** theorized that a persons behavior results from interaction of:
- Id (pleasure principle)
- Ego (reality principle)
- Superego (executive branch)
**Newer Psychodynamic Perspectives:**
- Ego psychology
- Attachment theory
- Object-relations theory
@ -133,6 +143,7 @@ Early temperament is basis from which personality develops.
- **Attributional style:** Characteristic way in which individual may tend to assign causes to bad or good events
**Cognitive Therapy:**
- The way we interpret events and experiences determines our emotional reactions to them.
- Clinicians use a variety of techniques designed to alter a clients negative cognitive biases.
@ -157,10 +168,12 @@ Parents who have various forms of psychopathology tend to have one or more child
#### Marital discord & divorce
**Long-standing marital discord:**
- Aggressive behavior
- Poor quality relationships
**Divorce:**
- Insecurity, rejection
- Delinquency
- Lower educational attainment
@ -168,6 +181,7 @@ Parents who have various forms of psychopathology tend to have one or more child
#### Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment
In our society, the lower the socioeconomic class, the higher the incidence of mental and physical disorders.
- Children and adolescents from lower socioeconomic status (SES) families tend to have more psychological problems.
- Studies have repeatedly found unemployment to be associated with enhanced vulnerability to psychopathology.
@ -180,28 +194,36 @@ In our society, the lower the socioeconomic class, the higher the incidence of m
#### Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity
Increased prevalence of certain mental disorders may be related to:
- Prejudice against minority groups and women
- Perceived discrimination and self-esteem
### The Cultural Perspective
**Cultural context of behavior:**
**Cultural context of behavior:**
- Universal and Culture-Specific Symptoms of Disorders
- Culture: Over-and Undercontrolled Behavior
#### Universal and Culture-Specific Symptoms of Disorders
**Universality of some disorders:**
**Universality of some disorders:**
- Certain psychological symptoms are consistently found among similarly diagnosed clinical groups
**Sociocultural factors:**
**Sociocultural factors:**
- Which disorders develop
- Prevalence, course
#### Culture: Over- and Undercontrolled Problem
**Undercontrolled problem:**
-Agression, disobedience, disrespect
-Exhibited by American
**Overcontrolled problem:**
-Shyness, anxiety, depression
-Exhibited by Thai
**Undercontrolled problem:**
- Agression, disobedience, disrespect
- Exhibited by American
**Overcontrolled problem:**
- Shyness, anxiety, depression
- Exhibited by Thai