Notes/PSYG2504 Social Psychology/12.md

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# 12. Chinese Social Psychology
> PSYG2504 Social Psychology
## 12.1 Lian Vs. Mianzi
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Hu (1944) proposed that there are 2 basic categories of face in Chinese culture:
Lian (臉) and mianzi (面子).
### 12.1.1 Lian
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*An individuals lian can be preserved by faithful compliance with ritual or social norms.*
Having lian “represents the confidence of society in the integrity of egos moral character, the loss of which makes it impossible for him to function properly in the community”.
Both a social sanction for enforcing moral standards and an internalized sanction.
- Bu yao lian (doesnt want face; 不要臉) means that he or she is nasty, shameless, and immoral: A great insult to his or her moral character.
- Diulian (shame; 丟臉) is a result of wrong-doing regardless of the presence of an audience.
### 12.1.2 Mianzi
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*Mianzi stands for the kind of prestige that is emphasized in a particular place*
*Similar to the western face concept.*
Mianzi stands for the kind of prestige that is emphasized in a particular place
Similar to the western face concept: Chinese with hierarchical structure of society with its permanency of statues.
- A reputation achieved through success, e.g. career or interpersonal relationship.
- Lian has no relationship with successFace behavior
## 12.2 Enhancing ones own face
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Knowing what kind of qualities are most appreciated by others in ones social network, a person may deliberately do face-work to enhance ones social or positional status by showing off these most appreciated qualities.
## 12.3 Enhancing others face
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A person may adopt some tactics of ingratiation to enhance the resource allocatorss face so that the latter might reciprocate by allocating the resources in a way to benefits the ingratiator.
Tactics include presenting compliments of sufficient credibility, conforming with his/her opinions and behavior, giving gifts or doing other pleasant and rewarding things for others
## 12.4 Losing ones own face
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The losing of face may bring serious consequences for an individual, especially when he/she loses the so-called moral face.
Not-wanting face (pu-yao lien) or having no face (mei-yu lien) implying the actor has **lost all claims to being a person**.
Losing face for someone or some group with whom he/she is closely connected
## 12.5 Hurting others face
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When a man wants to ask for a favor from a resource allocator of some prestige, he first assesses his position relative to the allocator and the likelihood that he may be successful.
If the request is accepted, then the allocator gave him mianzi and his face is increased.
If the request is rejected, the allocator does not give him mianzi, which then reflects badly on his own mianzi and blame the allocator, especially when the allocator occupies a lower social status.
## 12.6 Saving ones own face
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Losing face may cause embarrassment, shame or shyness
Possible reactions:
- Compensatory actions: terminating the face-losing behavior, reinterpreting the situation, apologizing, working hard to enhance the social status
- Retaliatory actions: express dissatisfaction in a subtle and indirect way
- Self-defensive reactions: devalue the opponent, deemphasize the seriousness of the face-losing event and pretend nothing happened
## 12.7 Saving others face
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Bond and Lee (1978) studied the face-saving behavior of 100 CUHK students.
> Participants were told the study was about public speaking.
> 1 participant in a group of 5 students was chosen to give a 3-minute talk.
**Four experimental conditions:**
1. Speaker uninformed condition: comments and ratings would be seen only by the experimenter
2. Informed anonymous condition: speakers would read the evaluations later alone
3. Informed face-to-face condition: they would read their comments and their ratings to the speaker privately
4. Informed-audience condition: they would read their comments and ratings to the speaker in the presence of the next group of 5 students
ANOVA revealed significant difference across all experimental conditions
Subsequent test revealed more negative ratings in condition 1 (speaker uninformed condition) than in condition 4 (informed audience condition).